In the last two decades, the Walt Disney World Resort has become a showcase of fine architecture. When Michael Eisner became the Walt Disney Company's chairman in 1984, he sought out architects who would be challenging and never boring; Eisner has said he hopes the buildings Disney commissions will have "the beauty and strength to endure over time." Disney has become one of the world's leading corporate patrons of architecture. At Walt Disney World Resort, more than a dozen world-renowned architects have designed a range of hotels, offices, recreational buildings and even gasoline service stations for the Walt Disney World Resort. These buildings have garnered worldwide attention, as well as numerous architectural awards. The architects hired to design for The Walt Disney Company come from three continents. Among them are winners of several of the world's most prestigious architectural accolades. As in the Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney-MGM Studios and Disney's Animal Kingdom, the architecture of Disney's hotels, resorts, offices and service buildings also revolves around themes. In most cases, the themes are historical or geographic, though others refer to pop culture. Some of the architects have taken the idea of "themed architecture" quite literally; others have offered more abstract interpretations. Here is a look at some of the architects who have been commissioned to work at the Walt Disney World Resort: Robert A. M. Stern of New York was the architect for Disney's Yacht and Beach Club Resorts, Disney's BoardWalk and the Casting Center. The Yacht and Beach Club Resorts were designed to reflect two distinct American architectural styles found in 19th-Century resorts. The Yacht Club is inspired by New England architecture, while the Beach Club is derived more from Mid-Atlantic shore resorts. Disney's BoardWalk has a range of architectural styles and is intended to look like an urban seaside village that evolved over the first decades of the 20th Century. The Casting Center is a modern-day version of a Venetian Palazzo. Stern, who sits on the Walt Disney Company board of directors, is an author and a professor at Columbia University as well as a practicing architect. He is also, along with New York architect Jaquelin Robertson, the master planner for Disney's new town of Celebration and the designer of several buildings for Celebration. The Japanese architect Arata Isozaki designed the Team Disney building, which was the winner of a 1992 National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects. Although many Disney buildings have obvious themes, this building is more abstract. Its theme, according to the architect, is "time." The centerpiece of the building is a spherical tower that houses a sundial. Isozaki, the architect for such major buildings as the Olympic Stadium in Barcelona and the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, has been the winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, the most important architectural award given. Michael Graves of Princeton, N.J., is the architect of the Walt Disney World Swan and Walt Disney World Dolphin hotels. The pyramid-shaped Dolphin, operated for The Walt Disney Company by Sheraton International, is topped by 63-foot-tall dolphins. The Swan, operated by Westin Resorts, has a gently curved roofline and is topped with 47-foot-high swans. Graves is also the architect of Celebration's Post Office. He is a professor of architecture at Princeton University and widely know both for his architecture and his design of products ranging from furniture to teapots to jewellery. Arquitectonica of Miami designed Disney's All-Star Resorts to reflect a number of America's most popular pastimes. All-Star Sports has sections devoted to football, baseball, basketball, surfing and tennis. All-Star Music celebrates jazz, calypso, country, rock-and-roll and the Broadway musical. The architects used huge surfboards, referees' whistles, banjos, saxophones and other symbolic objects to ornament railings, cover columns and house stairwells. Gwathmey Siegel and Associates were the architects for the convention facility at Disney's Contemporary Resort and for the Bonnet Creek Golf Club. This New York firm, designers of the addition to the Guggenheim Museum and numerous private residences, is know for its modernist restraint. At Walt Disney World Resort, Gwathmey Siegel's buildings have clean geometric lines and a muted color palette. Peter Dominick, a Denver architect, designed Disney's Wilderness Lodge. It is based on the historic wood-timber lodges of America's national parks. Dominick is known as an architect for his sensitivity to the rugged Western landscape. Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa was designed by Wimberly, Allison, Tong and Goo in conjunction with Walt Disney Imagineering. It was designed in the tradition of America's "Grand Hotels," based on such 19th Century hotels as the Del Coronado in San Diego, Calif., and the now-demolished Ormond Beach Hotel in Ormond Beach, Fla. The Orlando firm of Fugelberg Koch & Associates of San Diego was responsible for the design of Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort, Disney's Dixie Landings Resort, Disney's Port Orleans Resort and Disney's Old Key West Resort. Each of these reflects distinct geographical styles of architecture taken from the old South and the islands of the Caribbean. Downtown Disney West Side, a metropolis of restaurants, night clubs, theaters, attractions and merchandise shops, was master planned by David Rockwell of New York City. The new town of Celebration, which is adjacent to the Walt Disney World Resort just off U.S. 192, also features buildings by Philip Johnson, the late Charles Moore, Cesar Pelli, William Rawn and Jaquelin Robertson. Johnson, Moore and Pelli are all recipients of the American Institute of Architect's highest honor, the Gold Medal. In addition, the Italian architect Aldo Rossi, also a winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, designed Celebration Place, the office complex on U.S. 192. Disney's Wide World of Sports complex, designed by David Schwarz of Washington, D.C., features "Florida Picturesque" architecture, with tall towers and seemingly endless archways in the fieldhouse and baseball stadium. Disney's Coronado Springs Resort, designed under the direction of Walt Disney Imagineering by Graham Gund Architects of Cambridge, Mass., is based on the Spanish Colonial Revival Style. It includes three distinct "villages" and a giant Mayan pyramid. "Disney's Coronado Springs Resort is a community of distinct villages as rich and varied as the whole expanse of the Mexican landscape," explains Gund. (Gund was also the architect for the Disney Vacation Club in Vero Beach.) [An in-depth examination of the Walt Disney Company's ambitious architectural program can be found in a book by critic and author Beth Dunlop. Entitled "Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture," the book was published by Harry N. Abrams Inc. and costs $39.95.]
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